Question: What is Likert scale?
p = ggplot(data = organdata, mapping = aes(x = roads, y = donors, color = world))
p + geom_point(size = 2) + scale_color_brewer(palette = "Set2") + theme(legend.position = "top")
demo('colors')
##
##
## demo(colors)
## ---- ~~~~~~
##
## > ### ----------- Show (almost) all named colors ---------------------
## >
## > ## 1) with traditional 'graphics' package:
## > showCols1 <- function(bg = "gray", cex = 0.75, srt = 30) {
## + m <- ceiling(sqrt(n <- length(cl <- colors())))
## + length(cl) <- m*m; cm <- matrix(cl, m)
## + ##
## + require("graphics")
## + op <- par(mar=rep(0,4), ann=FALSE, bg = bg); on.exit(par(op))
## + plot(1:m,1:m, type="n", axes=FALSE)
## + text(col(cm), rev(row(cm)), cm, col = cl, cex=cex, srt=srt)
## + }
##
## > showCols1()
##
## > ## 2) with 'grid' package:
## > showCols2 <- function(bg = "grey", cex = 0.75, rot = 30) {
## + m <- ceiling(sqrt(n <- length(cl <- colors())))
## + length(cl) <- m*m; cm <- matrix(cl, m)
## + ##
## + require("grid")
## + grid.newpage(); vp <- viewport(width = .92, height = .92)
## + grid.rect(gp=gpar(fill=bg))
## + grid.text(cm, x = col(cm)/m, y = rev(row(cm))/m, rot = rot,
## + vp=vp, gp=gpar(cex = cex, col = cm))
## + }
##
## > showCols2()
##
## > showCols2(bg = "gray33")
##
## > ###
## >
## > ##' @title Comparing Colors
## > ##' @param col
## > ##' @param nrow
## > ##' @param ncol
## > ##' @param txt.col
## > ##' @return the grid layout, invisibly
## > ##' @author Marius Hofert, originally
## > plotCol <- function(col, nrow=1, ncol=ceiling(length(col) / nrow),
## + txt.col="black") {
## + stopifnot(nrow >= 1, ncol >= 1)
## + if(length(col) > nrow*ncol)
## + warning("some colors will not be shown")
## + require(grid)
## + grid.newpage()
## + gl <- grid.layout(nrow, ncol)
## + pushViewport(viewport(layout=gl))
## + ic <- 1
## + for(i in 1:nrow) {
## + for(j in 1:ncol) {
## + pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row=i, layout.pos.col=j))
## + grid.rect(gp= gpar(fill=col[ic]))
## + grid.text(col[ic], gp=gpar(col=txt.col))
## + upViewport()
## + ic <- ic+1
## + }
## + }
## + upViewport()
## + invisible(gl)
## + }
##
## > ## A Chocolate Bar of colors:
## > plotCol(c("#CC8C3C", paste0("chocolate", 2:4),
## + paste0("darkorange", c("",1:2)), paste0("darkgoldenrod", 1:2),
## + "orange", "orange1", "sandybrown", "tan1", "tan2"),
## + nrow=2)
##
## > ##' Find close R colors() to a given color {original by Marius Hofert)
## > ##' using Euclidean norm in (HSV / RGB / ...) color space
## > nearRcolor <- function(rgb, cSpace = c("hsv", "rgb255", "Luv", "Lab"),
## + dist = switch(cSpace, "hsv" = 0.10, "rgb255" = 30,
## + "Luv" = 15, "Lab" = 12))
## + {
## + if(is.character(rgb)) rgb <- col2rgb(rgb)
## + stopifnot(length(rgb <- as.vector(rgb)) == 3)
## + Rcol <- col2rgb(.cc <- colors())
## + uniqC <- !duplicated(t(Rcol)) # gray9 == grey9 (etc)
## + Rcol <- Rcol[, uniqC] ; .cc <- .cc[uniqC]
## + cSpace <- match.arg(cSpace)
## + convRGB2 <- function(Rgb, to)
## + t(convertColor(t(Rgb), from="sRGB", to=to, scale.in=255))
## + ## the transformation, rgb{0..255} --> cSpace :
## + TransF <- switch(cSpace,
## + "rgb255" = identity,
## + "hsv" = rgb2hsv,
## + "Luv" = function(RGB) convRGB2(RGB, "Luv"),
## + "Lab" = function(RGB) convRGB2(RGB, "Lab"))
## + d <- sqrt(colSums((TransF(Rcol) - as.vector(TransF(rgb)))^2))
## + iS <- sort.list(d[near <- d <= dist])# sorted: closest first
## + setNames(.cc[near][iS], format(zapsmall(d[near][iS]), digits=3))
## + }
##
## > nearRcolor(col2rgb("tan2"), "rgb")
## 0.0 21.1 25.8 29.5
## "tan2" "tan1" "sandybrown" "sienna1"
##
## > nearRcolor(col2rgb("tan2"), "hsv")
## 0.0000 0.0410 0.0618 0.0638 0.0667 0.0766
## "tan2" "sienna2" "coral2" "tomato2" "tan1" "coral"
## 0.0778 0.0900 0.0912 0.0918
## "sienna1" "sandybrown" "coral1" "tomato"
##
## > nearRcolor(col2rgb("tan2"), "Luv")
## 0.00 7.42 7.48 12.41 13.69
## "tan2" "tan1" "sandybrown" "orange3" "orange2"
##
## > nearRcolor(col2rgb("tan2"), "Lab")
## 0.00 5.56 8.08 11.31
## "tan2" "tan1" "sandybrown" "peru"
##
## > nearRcolor("#334455")
## 0.0867
## "darkslategray"
##
## > ## Now, consider choosing a color by looking in the
## > ## neighborhood of one you know :
## >
## > plotCol(nearRcolor("deepskyblue", "rgb", dist=50))
##
## > plotCol(nearRcolor("deepskyblue", dist=.1))
##
## > plotCol(nearRcolor("tomato", "rgb", dist= 50), nrow=3)
##
## > plotCol(nearRcolor("tomato", "hsv", dist=.12), nrow=3)
##
## > plotCol(nearRcolor("tomato", "Luv", dist= 25), nrow=3)
##
## > plotCol(nearRcolor("tomato", "Lab", dist= 18), nrow=3)
# Democrat Blue and Republican Red
party_colors = c("#2E74C0", "#CB454A")
p0 = ggplot(data = subset(county_data, flipped = "No"),
mapping = aes(x = pop, y = black/100))
p1 = p0 + geom_point(alpha = 0.15, color = "gray50") + scale_x_log10(labels = scales::comma)
p1
p2 = p1 + geom_point(data = subset(county_data, flipped == "Yes"),
mapping = aes(x=pop, y = black/100, color = partywinner16)) +
scale_color_manual(values = party_colors)
p2
p3 = p2 + scale_y_continuous(labels=scales::percent)+
labs(color = "County flipped to ...",
x = "County Population (log scale)",
y = "Percent Black Population",
title = "Flipped counties, 2016",
caption = "Counties in gray did not flip.")
p3
Question: What does gather() do??
cowplot::plot_grid(p1, p2, nrow=2, rel_heights = c(0.75, 0.25), align = "v")
library(viridis)
f_labs = c(`Borrowers` = "Percent of\nall Borrowers",
`Balances` = "Percent of\nall Balances")
p_xlab = "Amount Owed, in thousands of Dollars"
p_title = "Outstanding Student Loans"
p_subtitle = "44 million borrowers owe a total of $1.3 trillion"
p_caption = "Source: FRB NY"
p = ggplot(studebt, aes(y = pct/100, x = type, fill = Debtrc))
p + geom_bar(stat = "identity", color = "gray80") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = as_labeller(f_labs)) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
scale_fill_viridis(discrete = TRUE) +
guides(fill = guide_legend(reverse = TRUE,
title.position = "top",
label.position = "bottom",
keywidth = 3,
nrow = 1)) +
labs(x = NULL, y = NULL,
fill = "Amount Owed, in thousands of dollars",
caption = p_caption,
title = p_title,
subtitle = p_subtitle) +
theme(legend.position = "top",
axis.text.y = element_text(face = "bold", hjust = 1, size = 12),
axis.ticks.length = unit(0, "cm"),
panel.grid.major.y = element_blank()) +
coord_flip()
